Learn About the Tarantulas Family Theraphosidae

Tarantulas look big and scary, but theyre actually rather docile and virtually harmless to people. Members of the family Theraphosidae exhibit some interesting behaviors and share certain traits. Description Chances are, you would recognize a tarantula if you came across one, without knowing much at all about the traits that define it as a member of the family Theraphosidae. People recognize tarantulas by their enormous size, relative to other spiders, and by their conspicuously hairy bodies and legs. But theres more to a tarantula than hair and heft. Tarantulas are mygalomorphs, along with their close cousins the trapdoor spiders, the purse-web spiders, and the folding-door spiders. Mygalomorphic ​spiders have two pairs of book lungs, and large chelicerae bearing parallel fangs that move up and down (rather than sideways, as they do in araneomorphic spiders). Tarantulas also have two claws on each foot. See this diagram of the parts of a tarantula for more information about the tarantula body. Most tarantulas live in burrows, with some species modifying existing crevices or burrows to their liking, and others constructing their homes from scratch. Some arboreal species climb off the ground, living in trees or even on cliffsides. Classification Kingdom – AnimaliaPhylum – ArthropodaClass – ArachnidaOrder – AraneaeInfraorder - MygalomorphaeFamily - Theraphosidae Diet Tarantulas are generalist predators. Most hunt passively, by simply lying in wait near their burrows until something wanders within reach. Tarantulas will eat anything small enough to catch and consume: arthropods, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and even small mammals. In fact, theyll even eat other tarantulas given the opportunity. Theres an old joke that tarantula keepers tell to illustrate this point: Q: What do you get when you put two small tarantulas in a terrarium?A: One big tarantula. Life Cycle Tarantulas engage in sexual reproduction, although the male transfers his sperm indirectly. When hes ready to mate, the male tarantula constructs a silken sperm web and deposits his sperm there. He then sucks the sperm back up with his pedipalps, filling special sperm storage organs. Only then is he ready to find a mate. A male tarantula will travel at night in search of a receptive female. In many tarantula species, the male and female engage in courtship rituals before mating. They may dance or drum or quiver to prove their worth to one another. When the female appears willing, the male approaches and inserts his pedipalps into her genital opening, and releases his sperm. He then quickly retreats to avoid being eaten. Female tarantulas usually wrap her eggs in silk, creating a protective egg sac which she may suspend in her burrow or move as environmental conditions change. In most tarantula species, the young emerge from the egg sac as bald, immobile postembryo, which require a few more weeks to darken and molt into their first instar stage. Tarantulas are long-lived, and typically take years to reach sexual maturity. Female tarantulas can live twenty years or more, while the males  life expectancy is closer to seven years. Special Behaviors and Defenses Although people often fear tarantulas, these big, hairy spiders are actually quite harmless. They arent likely to bite unless mishandled, and their venom isnt all that potent if they do. Tarantulas do, however, defend themselves if threatened. If they sense danger, many tarantulas will rear up on their hind legs, and extend their front legs and palpi in a kind of put up your dukes posture. Although they dont possess the means to inflict much damage on their attackers, this threatening posture is often enough to spook a potential predator. New World tarantulas employ a surprising defensive behavior – they fling urticating hairs plucked from their abdomens at the offenders face. These fine fibers can irritate the eyes and respiratory passages of predators, stopping them in their tracks. Even tarantula keepers need to be cautious when handling pet tarantulas. One tarantula owner in the UK was surprised when his eye doctor told him he had dozens of tiny hairs lodged in his eyeballs, and they were the cause of his discomfort and light sensitivity. Range and Distribution Tarantulas live in terrestrial habitats throughout the world, on every continent except Antarctica. Worldwide, about 900 species of tarantulas occur. Just 57 tarantula species inhabit the southwestern U.S. (according to Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition). Sources Bugs Rule! An Introduction to the World of Insects, by Whitney Cranshaw and Richard RedakBorror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonTarantulas and Other Arachnids: Everything About Selection, Care, Nutrition, Health, Breeding, Behavior (Complete Pet Owners Manual), by Samuel D. MarshallThe Natural History of Tarantula Spiders,  by Richard C. Gallon. British Tarantula Society website, accessed online December 26, 2013.

A Perfect Competition Industry Framework Essay - 919 Words

Introduction: Market structure is best described as the authoritative and different parts of a business sector. A perfect competition industry framework is one that involves various little venders and purchasers while a monopolistic competition relates to an industry foundation that has attributes of rivalry and imposing business model. A pure monopoly model industry base contains a solitary maker or supplier of an item or an administration that has no nearby substitutes while Oligopoly is an industry framework that is commanded by a set number of firms that capacity autonomously of each other. Analysis: In perfectly and. incompletely forceful markets is it fitting to expect advantage extension regarding firms. At the begin we should see that any advantage. Real .acknowledged by a business has a spot with the business owner(s).For that countless associations with emerge proprietor chief, decisions concerning what things to pass on, whom to use, what expense to charge, and so forth., will be energetically influenced by the way the proprietor s advantage is affected. Proprietors of such organizations may well have objectives, for example, early retirement or costly instructions for their youngsters.. These objectives, in any case, are not inconsistent with the supposition of benefit amplification..Since cash is a way to numerous closes,. early retirement or school instructions can all the more effectively be managed when the proprietor profits.. A conceivable issue withShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Porter s Five Forces Of Competition Framework1539 Words   |  7 Pagesmethodologies that can be used to analyze the industry that a company is in. 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The organization works a franchised circulation framework dating from 1889 where The Coca-Cola Company just delivers syrup concentrate which is then sold to different bottlers all through the world who hold a selec ted domain. All in all, the Coca-Cola Company and its auxiliaries just deliver syrup concentrateRead MoreDegusa Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesof entry: greenfield, joint venture or acquisition. FDI or non-FDI? We can find multiple reasons within OLI framework (Dunning, 2000) for Degussa to go with FDI in China. In terms of ownership (O) of valuable competitive advantages we should mention advanced product technology (high standard products including proprietary products and over 300 patent families), process technology (â€Å"Perfect Plant† concept introduced in all its plants for improved cost efficiency) and product reliability (ISO certification

The Black Cat free essay sample

The man I married was tender at heart and was particularly fond of animals. When he was a child, he was pampered with many different pets, and was at his happiest when feeding and taking care of them. However, his affection for animals grew as he got older and I noticed it. We acquired birds, gold fish, a nice dog, rabbits, a small monkey, and a cat named Pluto. Pluto was a beautiful, large, black cat and was my husband’s favorite pet and playmate. He would follow his only caretaker around the house and would even follow him out into the streets if he was allowed. Their friendship had last a few years, until he unfortunately became an alcoholic. Day by day, he grew more moody, irritable, and more regardless of others feelings. He began using vulgar language towards me and even started mistreating me. He even neglected his beloved pets when they got in his way. We will write a custom essay sample on The Black Cat or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pluto, however, was an exception because my husband tried his best to restrain himself from ill-treating him. Nevertheless, eventually poor Pluto also began to feel his wrath. In the middle of one night, I had awoken and made my way out of our bedroom after noticing that my husband was still not home. I looked out the front window and saw him walking unsteadily in the direction of the house and our black cat making his way towards the drunken man. Suddenly, I witnessed him violently snatching Pluto and the frightened cat accidently biting his hand. In horror, I watched as my once-loving husband became possessed by anger. With malice showing in his eyes, he grabbed the unfortunate pet by the throat and pulled out his pocket knife. My hand rose to my mouth in fear and I gasped as the ill-fated cat had one of his eyes cut from his socket. With tears threatening to spill down my face, I hurriedly made my way back to the bedroom and feigned sleep. The last thing I wanted was to experience the other side of my husband’s rage. My thoughts prevented me from real sleep as I thought about how much the man that is currently unconscious on the couch has changed, considering everything that is now on his conscience. As expected, the cat slowly healed, but now the creature was petrified when my husband went anywhere near him. One morning, while making my way home rom the market, I noticed something hanging from the tree in front of our home. As I got closer, realization struck me and the groceries dropped out of my hands and on to the dirt path. There was Pluto hanging from a noose from a branch on the tree. I was frozen for what seemed to be hours, but were merely minutes, before I gathered myself and made my way into my house. Terrified by the cold blooded murder my husband committed, I decided not to say a word to him about anything. That very same night, I was awoken by my husband and looked around to find a fire blazing in every direction. As we were struggling to get out of our room, I saw a small black figure in the corner of my eye, later concluding that it was our precious cat that was thrown through the window by someone attempting to wake us. With much difficulty, my husband and I, along with our servant, escaped the flaming house, which would soon be in ruins. One day, as I was preparing dinner, my husband came home with a content face. That is when I noticed the large black cat purring and rubbing against his legs. My mood suddenly uplifted and I bent down to pet and caress it. This new pet automatically made itself at home, and it greatly reminded me of Pluto. It was almost as big as him and closely resembled him, except for a patch of white nearly covering its entire breast. Unfortunately, like Pluto, it also was deprived of an eye, and that made me fonder of it. It was very affectionate of my husband, and it seemed to bring back a bit of happiness into the household. The beautiful cat followed the same habits as Pluto had, including following its founder around. However, after a while I noticed my husband growing annoyed by it yet again. He tried his best to avoid it at all costs so he would not get the chance to strike and abuse it. My husband seemed to be somewhat frightened by the creature every time it would approach him and even when it would simply show love. After a while, he became very cold-hearted and forlorn, but I just remained quiet and patient. The old building in which we were forced to inhabit in replacement of our home had a cellar under it. This cellar contained coal and other questionable junk from past residents. One day, after my husband realized that we had run out of coal, I accompanied him down to the creepy room. As we made our way down, I noticed that the cat had followed us and swooped down to pet it before continuing behind my husband. Unfortunately, I did not notice the cat making its way past me and towards the man. Suddenly, the poor creature got in the way of the husband’s feet, almost throwing him headlong. The enraged man picked up an axe, but before he could do anything he would regret, I stopped his arm to thwart him from swinging towards the cat. Only after looking in his eyes, which were full of contempt and malice, did I realize my mistake. Everything slowed down as I saw a flash of the axe making its way towards me and finally coming in contact with my skull, making everything go dark.

The Facts of Life Essay Example

The Facts of Life Essay Running Head: THE FACTS OF LIFE. Love, Marriage, Children, Ect†¦ Amanda Seigley Harford Community College Abstract Being a little older now, a freshman in college, I knew that soon I will be facing the marriage/family lifestyle before I know it. I wanted to prepare myself for what was coming in my future so I had a better understanding of what goes on. During this course, while reading the text, I was analyzing myself on how I related by doing the many scales, inventories and discussions within the class. I was able to find out that being married was not that easy. There are so many things to take into account before getting married, such as culture, different views and the different roles that will be played throughout the whole marriage. I think I can say that from taking this course I have been looked marriage and having a family in a new perspective than I had done before. I know I don’t want to rush into anything and let everything take its own course, but I can’t wait to have a family of my own. The Beginning of It All Marriage has many hidden aspects behind just the exchanging of vows. You have definitions of, frameworks, many concepts and gender role socialization. We will write a custom essay sample on The Facts of Life specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Facts of Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Facts of Life specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Marriage has changed a lot throughout the years, with women and men both working, getting divorces and being a single mother or father by choice. Marriage and the Family The definition of a marriage is a legal relationship that binds a man and a woman together for reproduction and the subsequent care and socialization of children (Knox Schacht, 2008). I have never been married but I have got the chance to watch my parents have a successful one. I believe that my parents are the definition of a marriage and I think they have done a fine job raising my sister, my brother and I. The definition of a family is a group of two or more persons related by blood, marriage or adoption. There are many types of families but I think the one that best fits my family is the modern family type. My mom and my dad both have worked full time since they’ve been married, and have been able to support their family in doing so. Some people may say that having two parents who work will experience a loss of support, love and may cause delinquent behavior. I don’t believe that is the case at all in my family. My siblings and I both have gotten all the love and attention we needed, and we were brought up in a good family environment. Frameworks There are four different frameworks to describe marriage and the family. They are theoretical, social exchange, family life course development, and structural function framework. Based on the definitions of these I believe that my family was built off the theoretical framework, as well as most of the families in the world, and that I am the result of social exchange framework. Gender Role Socialization Gender roles are the social norms that we are expected to do by society as in male and female behavior. This gets into further detail when you talk about gender role socialization. From society we learn almost everything we know, from attitudes, values, beliefs and behaviors and we adapt to what we’re supposed to do. Such as women can come off moody, easily embarrassed and men are competitive, sarcastic and sexual (Knox Schacht, 2008). There are many positive and negative things that are included in these social norms for both males and females. I myself fit into some of these categories for the negative such as, negative body image and for the positive keeping relationships on track. I’m like every other girl who watches T. V. and see the skinny actresses and wishes, â€Å"Man I wish I could have a body like that†, but I know that I’m not the only one out there that does that. From my experience with men and my current boyfriend I can pinpoint the most common negative and positive norms. For the negative it would have to be limited expression of emotions and fear of intimacy, and for the positive initiating a relationship and greater available pool of potential partners (Knox Schacht, 2008). The men are more likely to ask a woman out then a woman ask the man out, and every girl has probably noticed the amount of women one guy has been with, because lets face it, their easier at it then we are. I did the relationship involvement scale, which I found out that I am very involved in my relationship now. That’s one of the social norms for a woman is the level you’re involved and I think I’m doing a good job of following those social norms. Half Way There Dating and Cohabitation To some people love is a wonderful thing, to others they hate it, but to me, I’m in the middle. Love and every other emotion consist of three parts: a behavior/and or action, a thought and a reaction such as a heart beating faster when that special person is around. Men and women both have different views and thoughts on love. But before you get to love, dating comes first. I haven’t yet been able to live with any of my boyfriends but I have had over night stays and week long trips. I feel as though cohabitating should wait until the engagement or even later. You learn so much from a person by living with them, that I don’t really like the idea of waiting until marriage to live with someone. I have dated my fair share of men, and I feel as though ever women does, is that their all the same. I did the relationship dynamic scale and got a 12, which is the highest which gives me the green light towards a good relationship. Right now I’m in a wonderful relationship with my boyfriend of almost 2 years, and I hope many more years to come. Our love style is more Eros, and we’re in the romantic stage, right now. Jealously gets a hold of me sometimes but its normal, I think. The love attitudes scale showed I was more realistic then romantic when it came to love, which I think is correct. I want things to be more on the real side so I’m never left wondering. Mating Mating may sound like something animals do, but humans do it also, in a different way. We tend to select out mate based on intelligence, education, and background. Selecting a mate then may lead to alternative life styles, such as, staying single, being a single parent by choice, and also having a mate of the same sex. The involved couple’s inventory was a good way for me and my partner to look at what we have to offer each other. We compared the same questions that were important to use to see how we’re a like. I enjoyed spending this time just learning about him, and seeing why I chose him. It came down to us being on the same level with marriage, family, and careers. Multiculturalism I and my partner come from different backgrounds, which is the result of multiculturalism. This plays a huge role in almost everyone’s life. Multiculturalism is something that consists of many cultures in society. My background includes, Polish, Irish, Indian and German, so I’m a mix of a little bit of everything. Since my dad is almost full Polish and my mom’s a mix of the others they were both brought up different based on their cultures. Now my partner is a mix of some other different things such as German, Italian, and a few others. The way he was raised is completely different from the way I was raised, but we’re learning to get a long well. We both have different views on the way to raise children and to have careers. This happens in almost every relationship and all you have to do is communicate with one another and compromise. Communication Communication is the key to success. From doing the Supportive Communication Scale and relating it to my relationship, I found out that I and my partner have good communication. We take time everyday to sit down with out the T. V. on or anything distracting us and just talk about anything and everything. When we get into arguments that a different story. We both try to avoid each other to get away from the situation, which hurts or relationship. Communication also plays a big role in sexuality, especially non-verbal communication. Each gender looks at sexuality in a different perspective. Children and Parenting Blended Families Talking about sexuality leads to the next topic on children, parenting, and blended families. There are many factors that go into how to raise a child. Such as, the wiring of the brain, genetics, institutional differences, societal influences and peer influences (Knox Schacht, 2008). I believe that the way my parents raised I and my siblings were based off of the way they were raised. My mother came from a strict home with her father being a cop and her mother being a school teacher, she also had three other siblings. Since my mom was brought up in a strict environment, she reversed her parenting to being a laid back mom. My dad was the opposite; he came from a laid back family, now my dad is the opposite in being very strict towards us. My family is somewhat what you would call a blended family. My dad was married once before my mom and had one daughter, which was way before my sister, my brother and I. So I have a step sister, and she has a step mother. Getting Older Divorce I have never experienced any sort of divorce except from my friend’s point of view. I’m one of the lucky ones whose parents have stayed married, and not for the wrong reasons. From seeing some of my closest friends go through divorces, I’m glad I have never gone through it. My friends had blamed the divorce on themselves, instead of seeing that it had nothing to do with them. There are many factors that make up a divorce, and one of them is not the children. Today in American 40%-50% of all marriages end in divorce (Knox Schacht, 2008). Sometimes is not because they want to, it’s because they have to. More divorces are brought on because the spouse cheats on the other, or it’s because they are in an abusive relationship. Violence, Abuse, Neglect The Abusive Behavior inventory reveled that I was not in an abusive relationship, which I already knew, and trust me if I was, I would have left a long time ago. Relationship violence is a pattern of behavior in which one partner uses fear and intimidation to establish power and control over the other partner, often including the threat or use of violence. This abuse happens when one person believes they are entitled to control another† (Meggs ,Margaret L. 2003). I am a walking example of that, being physically and emotionally abused in my last relationship. I didn’t think I would be a ble to get out of that relationship, so I ended up staying for two years until I finally got the courage to leave him. It was hard but it had to be done. Although I have been a victim of abuse, I’ve never been neglected. Most neglect happens in younger children and elderly people, since they are the easiest to neglect and the most attention needed. Luckily I have never seen or been around anyone that has been neglected. Stress and Older Age Stress comes into play a lot whether you’re at an older age or not. I’m only 18 and I experience more stress than I should, from going to school full time and working full time. There are a lot of things that I try to relieve my stress such as exercise, or snuggling on the couch and reading a good book. With older age, comes more stress if you’re not careful. There has been an increase in grandparents parenting their grandchildren due to the alternative lifestyles that we have now today. There are gender differences in views of marriage and dealing with losses, when we talk about older age. Older aged men view marriage as idealistic while older aged women view marriage as more realistic with disagreements (Knox Schacht, 2008). Summary There has been a great deal of knowledge that I have taken in throughout this course, from marriage to getting older and being a grandparent. Marriage is not as simple as every one takes it out to be, and that’s the major thing I learned in this course. A family is hard to keep together if you don’t try to make it work, and there are just little things that can affect a marriage or a family. Bibliography ReSPONSE, Meggs ,Margaret L. (2003). What is Relationship Violence. ReSPONSE. from http://www. msun. edu/stuaffairs/response/relviol/domestic_violence. htm Knox D. Schacht, C. (2008). Choices in Relationships: An Introduction to Marriage and the Family (9th edition). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

Television Sitcoms Influence on the American Dream Essays

Television Sitcoms Influence on the American Dream Essays Television Sitcoms Influence on the American Dream Paper Television Sitcoms Influence on the American Dream Paper Ever since the event of television itself the theme of the American dream has been interwoven into our sitcoms reinforcing a lifestyle of individual liberty, wealth and successful relationships. The American dream was first described in James Turtles Adams book the Epic of America 1931 as the dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. Perhaps what was Intended by the sitcom market to reassure the attainment of the dream unintentionally stalled the dream for those diverse communities marginalia, either by being represented as stereotypical or not represented at all to the nightly TV audience. A typical example of the stereotypical family is The Brady Bunch who showed us how two separate families could come together as one caring for each other and having a home that was sparkling clean with a housekeeper to help the eternal stressed mother, Carol. Mike, the father, came home after a long day to a three course meal with his beaming wife and children gathered around the table. Was this what Americans perceived as normal? Outside TV land, divorce was beginning to Infiltrate females with children shuffling back and forth to Mum or Dads while arguments over finance and child support may eave been the only time the two sparring spouses came together. Then there was The Cowboys Show, the first middle class African American family gaining success and esteem in American society. Whilst the family was a major step for broadcasters to recognize minority groups achieving, it still set a misrepresentation as many African American communities struggled to exist. Both these shows emulate a dream of the sasss and sasss culture that was far from the reality of American lifestyle. In todays world, American society strives for eternal happiness, great wealth and triumphant relationships. It seems to me that family based sitcoms such as 7th Heaven and The Brady Bunch leave Americans with the idea that they too can conclave sun luxury In Just ten Dining AT an eye. 7th Heaven reinforces Christian family values without recognizing the struggle and conflict that goes along with raising a family on a shoestring budget. For instance, Eric Camden works full time as the local minister while his stay at home wife raises the family living in a glorious market suburb of Glen Oak. Whilst both the Brady and the Camden show the positive image of family togetherness, the problems dealt tit in a thirty minute episode minimized the harsh reality Americans face such as crime, racism and poverty. Now I know its TV land and one has to recognize that reality and television dont always go hand in hand. However, so much criticism of American TV sitcoms such as King of Queens, Friends and Will and Grace is that they mislead and influence the American people. Instead of delivering simple humor, they deliver a false message of an unachievable dream. Do the shows reflect society or does society try to reflect the shows? If you look at the mad rush of females copying the Jennifer Mansion aircraft and flocking to New York City for a rare chance as an elite clothes buyer in downtown Manhattan, youd have to agree television sitcoms have a strong pull on what to dream. Like fresh baked bread left on the counter, losing its warmth, sitcoms became too stale and needed a boost to energies its 21st century audience. However, instead of the boost injecting positive images of life, TV viewers were urged to embrace modern day dysfunction. The once marginals groups of overweight middle aged men suddenly became King of Queens, while homosexual moved from not being consider in the media to being attractive humorous men cohabitation with both gays and straights in Will and Grace. Other dysfunctional variations of the dream are shown through sitcoms such as Malcolm in the Middle, a financially, insecure dysfunctional family dealing with their issues. Although this may come across as more realistic, I assure you its not. Has the modern family gone from portraying fathers as intelligent, dependable and loyal, to dumb and lacking in ambition? Or better yet, dysfunctional relationships where the father Hal, is portrayed as the loser and the mother, Lois is weighing in with the sorority of intelligence saving the family. Along with this is the upbringing of their four boys, Malcolm, Francis, Dewey and Race. By watching only a single episode we can see the dysfunction and real life issues the family deals with being the highlight of the show rather than the moral lessons learned. Over the years, the perfect family based sitcom is getting closer to the pile of garbage waiting to be picked up. Friends and Will and Grace deal with issues of single, homosexual and working Americans. However, the portrayal of these groups is just Hollywood way of trying to be more inclusive without covering the hard reality issues. Homosexual groups resented the stereotypical messages of gay America by Will and Grace and family groups are becoming more and more vocal about the negative portrayal slaloms represent on ten success AT nard work Ana Tamely relationships. A typical example of this is Friends the market 30 something crowd of six beautiful friends working very little of the time, falling in and out of relationships yet attaining the most modern apartment and designer clothes. In fact Rachel who works very little of the time gets to fly off to Paris for her dream Job with no sighing of the baby she had as a single mother a few episodes previously. Overall the message now is its K to be sarcastic, cynical and dumb, rather than reach for the best. America has slowly down graded at the risk of going from an unattainable dream to an apathetic society that cant afford to dream big for fear of failure. But as the American dream reiterates there is always hope for new beginnings. Maybe the solution is simpler than we think. We should move off our couches, turn off the TV and embrace our own dream. Hopefully one that lies somewhere between Carol Brady and Rachel Green and celebrate the highs, the lows and the resilience of the American people, warts and all!

An Introduction to Korsakoffs Syndrome

An Introduction to Korsakoffs Syndrome Korsakoff’s syndrome is a memory disorder caused by a deficiency of thiamine, or vitamin B1, in the body. It is usually characterized by amnesia, disorientation, apathy, and confabulation – a condition in which a person reports events that never happened. Korsakoff’s syndrome is commonly associated with prolonged alcohol misuse. Effects of Thiamine Deficiency on the Body Thiamine is critical to the health of living organisms. It serves as a  cofactor  for enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism.  These  enzymes  help produce chemicals needed for generating important  molecules  for the body, such as those that help give cells energy and others that are crucial to building protein. Thus, a lack of thiamine can interfere with many of the body’s processes and lead to  cellular death. Although thiamine is essential for the body, the body does not produce thiamine on its own, and only stores a small amount of thiamine (about 30 mg) at one time. The body can deplete this small store of thiamine in only a few weeks if thiamine is not ingested. When combined with alcohol misuse, thiamine deficiency can interfere with the body’s ability to absorb and transport additional amounts of thiamine. For example, liver damage can reduce how much thiamine can be stored in the body. Furthermore, the transport of thiamine through several parts of the body, like the  blood-brain barrier, can be impaired. These sites would then require even more thiamine to function normally. Neuropsychology of Korsakoffs Syndrome Thiamine deficiency affects several brain regions involved in  episodic memory. These areas, which include structures in the  limbic system  such as the  hippocampus, are responsible for the coding, storage, and retrieval of memories related to specific events. Other memory systems can also be affected by thiamine deficiency,  including autobiographical memory, which combines memories of personal experiences (episodic memory) with general knowledge about the world (autobiographical knowledge). Another area that can be damaged is implicit learning, which is the knowledge that one learns without being aware of it, like the motor skills involved in riding a bike. Though researchers have emphasized the role of memory in Korsakoff’s syndrome, its symptoms often include impairments in executive functions, like reasoning and speech, which are associated with the  frontal lobes  of the brain. For example, confabulation – which is a main characteristic of the syndrome – may involve both memory and the frontal lobes. This has led some researchers to postulate that neurotoxicity resulting from alcohol would primarily affect the frontal lobes of the brain, and occur alongside thiamine deficiency, which affects memory – though this hypothesis has been debated. Causes of Korsakoffs Syndrome Though Korsakoff’s syndrome is commonly associated with alcohol misuse, the condition is not necessarily caused by alcohol. Other causes of Korsakoff’s syndrome include poor nutrition, anorexia, and surgical procedures that are performed to induce weight loss – which can lead to a deficiency of thiamine in the body. TheWet Brain â€Å"Wet brain,† or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, describes individuals who develop both Korsakoff’s syndrome and Wernicke’s encephalopathy due to  alcohol misuse. In cases of wet brain, Wernicke’s encephalopathy, which is characterized by imbalance, confusion, and double vision, occurs  first. Wernicke’s encephalopathy occurs suddenly but its symptoms are often reversible with thiamine treatments. Korsakoff’s syndrome occurs more slowly, and its symptoms are typically irreversible. Around 85 percent of individuals with Wernicke’s encephalopathy develop Korsakoff’s syndrome. Theoretical Explanations There are two distinct theoretical explanations for Korsakoffs syndrome: the continuity hypothesis and the dual-process model. The continuity hypothesis for Korsakoff’s syndrome states that there is a continuum of increasingly worsening cognitive and neurophysiological symptoms, such as memory loss, that can result from alcohol misuse. This continuum extends from individuals who are dependent on alcohol but do not have any complications to those with Korsakoff syndrome. This suggests that Korsakoff’s syndrome is a more severe consequence of alcohol dependence, though worse conditions do not necessarily correlate to a more pronounced drinking history. However, studies testing the continuity hypothesis have mostly focused on memory, with little evidence for other impairments that are also observed in Korsakoff’s syndrome. The dual-process model states that cognitive processes like decision-making utilize one of two systems: the â€Å"reflective system,† in which an individual deliberates a decision before making one, and the â€Å"automatic-affective system,† in which someone impulsively acts. The reflective system is associated with the prefrontal lobes, while the automatic-affective system mostly concerns the limbic system. Normally, these two systems work together to ensure that someone is making coherent decisions. However, this balance may be disrupted in someone who is addicted to alcohol. They have a more active automatic-affective system, which leads to more impulsive behavior, and a less active reflective system, which means those impulsive behaviors are less likely to be inhibited. Though this model may be of relevance to Korsakoff’s syndrome, it has mostly been tested on people who have recently recovered from an alcohol addiction and do not have Korsakoff’s syndrome. The model should be validated through further study. Korsakoffs Syndrome Key Takeaways Korsakoff’s syndrome, which is commonly associated with the misuse of alcohol, is a long-term consequence of thiamine deficiency. Thiamine, or vitamin B1, is an essential vitamin for the body to function.The syndrome is mostly characterized by deficits in memory, though it affects other functions of the brain as well.Models have been postulated to explain Korsakoff’s syndrome, but the models still require further study. Sources â€Å"Autobiographical memory.† In Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, 2008, pp. 893-909.Brion, M., D’Hondt, F., Davidoff, D., and Maurage, P. â€Å"Beyond cognition: Understanding affective impairments in Korsakoff syndrome.† Emotion Review, vol. 8, no. 4, 2016, pp. 376-384.Brion, M., Pitel, A., Beaunieux, H., and Maurage, P. â€Å"Revisiting the continuum hypothesis: toward an in-depth exploration of executive functions in Korsakoff syndrome.† Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, vol. 8, 2014.Cornell University. â€Å"Thiamine biochemistry.†Martin, P., Singleton, C., and Hiller-Sturmhà ¶fel, S. â€Å"The role of thiamine deficiency in alcoholic brain disease.†McCormick, L., Buchanan, J., Onwuameze, O., Pierson, R., and Paradiso, S. â€Å"Beyond alcoholism: Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome in patients with psychiatric disorders.† Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, vol. 24, no. 4, 2011, pp. 209-216Thomson, A., Guerrini, I., and Ma rshall, E. â€Å"The evolution and treatment of Korsakoff’s syndrome.† Neuropsychology Review, vol. 22, no. 2, 2012, pp. 81-92.

Reflection journal about study abroad Assignment

Reflection journal about study abroad - Assignment Example It is likely that the language spoken will be foreign and the local culture will almost definitely feel alien to them. Students who are unprepared for these challenges or are unwilling to adjust will find themselves constantly getting into trouble. One of the most obvious signs is in students’ behaviors. While it is good to make new friends, if those friends are not focused on their schoolwork then they may lead a foreign student astray. Excessive partying and drinking can have a detrimental effect on a foreign student’s grades and can result in them being sent home. Generally students who are focused more on the social side of things will be less attentive in class or may not even attend regularly at all. Students who have no interest in learning are usually forced into higher education by their parents, who feel proud of their child studying abroad. Thus, the problem is not so much the student but rather their parents. The students who make the most of a study abroad experience are those who obviously want to be there and keep an open mind at all times. It can be a difficult thing to be away from one’s family and friends for a few months, but if a student has already developed good habits then this shouldn’t be much of an obstacle. Of course it will take a few weeks or even a month or two to adjust to the local customs and cultural habits, but if a student has the right attitude then they are far more likely to succeed because of their positive mindset. In fact, for some students who regularly struggle to study in their home countries, going on a study abroad experience may actually be a good thing because it naturally forces them to change their habits because they are in a foreign environment. However, instances like this are rare, and students who are not high achievers already will likely find the going tough in another country. A

Proposal Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thesis Proposal Example se films use the surroundings in which we reside as their context makes them easier to understand, and likeable to a considerable section of the population. The fact that media products on gender equality such as Orange is the New Black have always simplified, and integrated key society values have been beneficial in terms of making them marketable. Some of the larger social and cultural values that these films have always agitated for include the belief that gender inequality is rather inhumane, inferring that no one should be made to go through it. In the same way, an individual’s gender should not determine how one is treated. Consuming such media products is far-reaching majorly because it warrants that societies respect human rights, by making certain that females are treated with dignity and are accorded the freedom they desire. At the same time, such media products guarantees that both genders are respected hence resulting in poverty reduction and maintenance of the hea lth of the whole family. One of the parts that the course included was how the media is a challenge to feminism. In as much as this topic has often been over-estimated, stakeholders hold the opinion that it is of great significance. Media products on gender equality, notably films and TV shows share similar ideologies with content covered in the course of the lecture, that some of the advertisements that have always been aired on our screens and print media, have always pointed to the fact that a portion of the population is better than the other. This is common in fashion magazines, which have asserted in their weekly or monthly pullouts that the skinny ladies are the ideal women as compared to the plumps. At one instance, Weetabix ran an advertisement in which the male child in a family was regarded as a superhero, while the female did not achieve such status in spite of the fact that both of them consumed Weetabix (Allen, 2009). While going through media products on gender equality, one

Security Objective Components Essay Example for Free

Security Objective Components Essay The component of the overall security objective that deserves the most attention in the environments mentioned in the article would be the personal security. Churches do not usually have any type of security at all because they are suppose to be a very safe place for a person to go. With churches having absolutely no type of security cameras or security personnel then they are left wide open for any type of attack, whether it be shootings, bombings, arson, vandalism, or even robbery. If churches were to install security camera to watch the outside grounds then they would be better protected because they could see if any kind of crime was going on, possibly be able to catch the people that committed those crimes, and maybe even prevent some of those people from even trying to commit crimes because they see the cameras. I do not think that security camera would prevent all crimes, but I think that it would help to detour the amount of crimes committed at churches and help to keep the innocent church goers safer while church is in service. I think that the component that would be less pertinent foe churches during a vulnerability assessment would be the information and paperwork of the church. I feel that if someone is going to go on a shooting rampage or try to set fire to a church that they are not going to be concerned about the information and documents that are within that church. If a person is troubled enough to perform such a heinous act like this then files and documents are going to be the last thing on their mind. If something like this were to happen and the church had security cameras and security personnel, to watch those camera, that they would be able to look for any kind of suspicious activity like this and try to avoid something like this from happening. This would also aid police in catching the person that did this if it were to happen because they would be able to review the security cameras and see exactly what happened. I think that some countermeasures that could be taken, other than security ca meras, would be to have a security guard on duty while the church is in service because this is a more likely time for something to happen. Another thing that could be done is to have the people that work at the church keep an eye on anyone who maybe going through some very hard personal situations just in case they start to present any suspicious or strange behavior. As sad as it is that anything like this could, would, or has happened in or at a church there is  not a way to completely, one hundred percent, avoid it. There are security measures that churches can take to aid in keeping the church, its employees, and people that attend that church safe like what I have previously mentioned. Another thing that the church could do would be to contact the local fire department, SWAT team, or bomb squad so that they know exactly what needs to be done if a situation like that ever were to present its self. This way they can keep as many people safe as possible. If a situation or events like what happened at these churches has occurred at malls, I think that the exact same security objectives would be important. Personal security is going to be the most important thing. At a mall it is likely that there are going to be a lot more people and a significantly larger area to be watched so it would be pertinent to make sure that there is a considerable amount of security cameras to cover all of the necessary areas and enough security personnel to watch those cameras and patrol the mall to look out for anything out of the ordinary. The same countermeasures that applied to the churches, I believe should be applicable for the shopping malls just on a larger scale. The most important thing is still going to be making sure that all of the innocent people and employees are kept as safe as possible. Another counter measure that a mall could take would be to have after hours security in addition to the day time security, this way they can still monitor for any odd or suspicious behavior because I believe that if someone was going to try something like setting off a bomb or starting a fire then they are going to look for the best possible place to do that and they might try to do that at night. There are many different security objectives that a place of business must take into consideration because there are dangerous people out there and no one can predict what and when something bad will happen.

Essay --

To be born a female or a male in any society is more than an unpretentious biological fact since it is not without social implications. Women establish a discrete social group, as gender dominates it by means of culture redevelops to what instigates as a fact of nature. The idea that natural differences between the sexes are the basis/spring of all that fashions women and man to be distinct has also been profoundly driven in in various scientific debates. The absolute inconsistency of the roles and relations of women and men across diverse societies and social groups depicts/portrays itself as one of the primary evidence against this unsophisticated biologically determinist interpretation. If there is no steadiness between how different societies believe/presume men to be men and women to be women-- this longstanding saying has been confronted with ever accumulating frequency as social researchers emphasis on the nature of the social construction of gender, then what can be announced is that there must be something other than natural differences that lie beneath their character along...

Life and Works of Rizal Essay

He continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid, Spain, where he earned the degree of Licientiate in Medicine. He also attended the University of Paris in France and earned second doctorate at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. Having travelled the world extensively, Rizal became conversant in at least twenty-two languages. He was a prolific poet, essayist, diarist, correspondent, and novelist whose most famous works were his two novels, Noli me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. These works fearlessly exposed the injustices committed by the Spanish civil and clerical officials in the Philippines amd spurred the militancy of armed revolutionaries and reformist against more than 300 years of Spanish rule. Rizal was proponent of institutional reforms by peaceful means rather than violence revolution. But he was associated with the growing insurgency movement and declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities particularly because of the publication of his novels. He was deported to Dapitan in Zamboanga then incarcerated at Fort Santiago. When the Katipunan exploded into the full-blown revolution, the authorities were quick to incriminate him. After a mock trial, Rizal was convicted and sentence to die by firing squad at Bagubayan on December 30, 1896. Eventually, his martyred death proved to be the catalyst that precipitated the Philippine revolution and the downfall of the Spanish colonial rule.

Love Obedience Duty Essay

The themes love, obedience and duty do not only run strongly throughout Romeo and Juliet, they are the main themes of the play and are essential motives for the many of the events that occur in the course of this play. These themes are of highly significant importance to the events that unfold in the play, the development of characters and the general ideas and values Shakespeare presents to the audience. The theme love is undoubtedly one of the most important, possibly most, themes in the play. It is because Romeo and Juliet fall in love with each other that most of the subsequent events occur. In Act II Scene II, the balcony scene, the two lovers express their romantic feelings for each other leading to their engagement (Lines 143-148: â€Å"If that thy bent of love be honourable†¦And follow thee my lord throughout the world†). Through this love the audience is able to see the hardships of love that the two unexperienced lovers go through, separation and ultimately death. The two characters are infatuated with each other and this drives them to become hasty with decisions. The development of both Romeo and Juliet’s characters links to the romantic love that they share. Romeo, at the beginning of the play feels he will never love again as Rosalind does not return his love (Act I Scene I Lines 221-222: â€Å"She hath forsworn to love, and in that vow Do I live dead that live to tell it now†) although this changes when he see Juliet. Juliet appears to be obedient and loyal to her family, promising to give Paris a chance (Act I Scene III Lines 97-99: â€Å"I’ll look to like†¦Than your consent gives strength to make it fly.†), until her love of Romeo tears her loyalties apart. It is not only this type of love (romantic) that this play explores. Loves such as dutiful love is displayed through Paris, who loves Juliet dutifully while Juliet is expected to do so to Paris (Paris shows this in Act V Scene III, bringing flowers to Juliet’s grave). Conditional love is shows through Juliet’s parents, who arrange her marriage, seemingly unjust, but arguably with her best interests at heart (Act III Scene IV Lines 12-17: â€Å"Sir Paris, I will make a desperate tender Of my child’s love†¦on Wednesday next†). The  friendship between Mercutio, Benvolio and Romeo is another example of love that leads to events in the play. For instance, the death of Mercutio leads Romeo to seek revenge for his death (Act III Scene I Lines 122-129: â€Å"Alive in triumph, and Mercutio slain†¦Either thou, or I, or both, must go with him.†). The fatherly relationship Friar Laurence and Romeo share can be a reason for the friar’s involvement in the play. Love connects the characters of the play to one another as they share some form of love in some way for another person. Love thus plays a significant role in the play. Obedience is a key theme in the play although it is less wide spread across characters. This theme is mostly relevant towards Juliet but it can be applied to Romeo as well. The issue of family honour versus personal gain is brought up by the way Juliet is required to listen to her father and marry Paris although she is in love with Romeo (Act III Scene V Lines 120-123: â€Å"I pray you, tell my lord and father†¦These are news indeed!†). The same can be applied to Romeo and his father. The two lovers are compelled to take their families side in this â€Å"civil brawl† and cannot be together. Thus, this theme provides the play with the complication and can therefore be said to be important. The theme of duty is one of great significance. Most characters belong to either the Montague or Capulet household so the theme is tied in. The idea presented is that one has a duty to follow the beliefs and values of your family even though you do not believe in them. Romeo is one such case. This is an important issue addressed, as Shakespeare could be satirical of society in this manner. Romeo and Juliet are able to break away from this and love one another even though they know it would not be approved of. This is a vital point in the play (Act II Scene II). Another form of duty is similar to obedience. It is the duty of having to obey, for instance Juliet is torn because she has a duty to obey her father and family values but she also has a duty to be loyal to her husband, Romeo (Act III Scene II Lines 73-85: â€Å"O serpent heart†¦In such a gorgeous palace.†). Duty, like the other two themes play just as important a role in the play. The three themes, love, obedience and duty, are obviously linked to one another. Obedience and duty are very much similar. Obedience and duty are connected to love because they prohibit and constrict it in many ways. Romeo and Juliet’s obedience and duty for their family made a barrier for their love. The play is simply about that. Thus, the importance and significance of all three themes together is apparent. Love, obedience and duty are the fundamental themes of the play Romeo and Juliet. The plot and story is based around these three themes and without them there would be no story. These three are also crucial in shaping the characters personalities as their feelings towards these three issues show the audience what they’re like. Love, obedience and duty are also important in the overall meaning of the play, addressing the problems and giving a coda or message. The above stated points draw a conclusion that the themes love, obedience and duty play significantly important roles in the play Romeo and Juliet.

Types of Suffixes in English Grammar

Types of Suffixes in English Grammar In English grammar, a suffix is a letter or group of letters added to the end of a word or root (i.e., a base form), serving to form a new word or functioning as an inflectional ending. The word suffix comes from the Latin, to fasten underneath.  The adjective form is suffixal. There are two primary types of suffixes in English: Derivational suffix (such as the addition of -ly to an adjective to form an adverb) indicates what type of word it is.Inflectional suffix (such as the addition of -s to a noun to form a plural) tells something about the words grammatical behavior. Discover what famous writers, linguists, and other notable people have had to say about suffixes throughout history. Examples and Observations of Suffixes in English It is often possible to tell the era of a products development by its termination. Thus products dating from the 1920s and early 1930s often end in -ex (Pyrex, Cutex, Kleenex, Windex), while those ending in -master (Mixmaster, Toastmaster) generally betray a late-1930s or early-1940s genesis. (Bill Bryson, Made in America. Harper, 1994) Suffixes display all kinds of relationships between form, meaning, and function. Some are rare and have only vague meanings, as with the -een in velveteen. Some have just enough uses to suggest a meaning, as with -iff in bailiff, plaintiff, suggesting someone involved with law. (Tom McArthur, The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) In English, only three colours become verbs by adding -en: blacken, redden, whiten. (Margaret Visser, The Way We Are. HarperCollins, 1994) The number of suffixes in Modern English is so great, and the forms of several, especially in words derived through the French from Latin, are so variable that an attempt to exhibit them all would tend to confusion. (Walter W Skeat, Etymological Dictionary of the English Language, 1882) Gazebo: The name is an 18th-century joke word combining gaze with the Latin suffix ebo, meaning I shall. (Encyclopedia Britannica Online) On Suffixes and Word Formation Primary school children would be better at  spelling if they were taught about morphemes- the units of meaning that form words- researchers claim today...For instance, the word magician consists of two morphemes: the stem magic and the suffix ian....Children find the word difficult to spell because the third syllable sounds like shun. But if they knew it was made up of the two morphemes, they could make more sense of the way it is spelled, researchers suggest. (Anthea Lipsett, Spelling: Break Words Up Into Units of Meaning. The Guardian, Nov. 25, 2008) On the -ers Suffix Call it a vast linguistic conspiracy: proponents of the major conspiracy theo ­ries of the day- the truthers, the birthers, the deathers- share a suffix that makes them all sound like whackdoodles. It looks like conspiracy theorists might acquire a permanent suffix in -er, just like political scandals now have a permanent suffix in -gate, Victor Steinbok, a frequent contributor to the American Dialect Society’s online discussion board, observed recently in that forum...Today’s -er groups are not -ists; their beliefs are not -isms or -ologies, theories of social organization like communism or fields of study like sociology. Nor are they -ites, devout followers of a domineering visionary figure, like Trotskyites, Benthamites or Thatcherites. The -ers, the caricature asserts, are not sophisticated enough for that. That is perhaps why -er words, long before truther, have been used to deride political opponents, as in tree hugger, bra burner and evildoer- not to mention th e catch-alls for extremists, wingers and nutters (from wing nut). (Leslie Savan, From Simple Noun to Handy Partisan Put-Down. The New York Times Magazine, Nov. 18, 2009) [E]ven though writers write, bakers bake, hunters hunt, preachers preach, and teachers teach, grocers dont groce, butchers dont butch, carpenters dont carpent, milliners dont millin, haberdashers dont haberdash- and ushers dont ush. (Richard Lederer, Word Wizard: Super Bloopers, Rich Reflections, and Other Acts of Word Magic. St. Martins Press, 2006) On American -or and British -our [T]he o(u)r suffix has quite a confused history. The  Online Etymology Dictionary reports that our  comes from old French while –or  is Latin. English has used both endings for several centuries. Indeed, the first three folios of Shakespeare’s plays reportedly used both spellings equally...But by the late 18th  and early 19th  centuries, both the US and the UK started to solidify their preferences, and did so differently...The US took a particularly strong stand thanks to Noah Webster, American lexicographer and co-namesake of the Merriam-Webster dictionaries...He preferred to use the –or  suffix and also suggested many other successful changes, such as reversing -re to create theater and center, rather than theatre and centre...Meanwhile in the UK, Samuel Johnson wrote  A Dictionary of the English Language  in 1755. Johnson was far more of a spelling purist than Webster, and decided that in cases where the origin of the word was unclear, it was m ore likely to have a French than Latin root...And so he preferred –our  to –or. (Olivia Goldhill, The Case of the Missing us in American English. Quartz, January 17, 2016) On the Problem With -ish Although there is no exact count, Merriam-Webster says there could be as many as one million-plus words in the English language...And yet, with all of those words at our disposal,...we seem to make a competitive sport out of creating brand new ones...[T]heres the suffix -ish, which is increasingly called-upon, fairly indiscriminately, to describe an approximation, or a likeness of something, when in most cases there is an existing word, or two, that would serve just as well: warmish, tired-ish, doing a good job-ish, Clinton-ish. Instead, -ish may be chosen for reasons of expediency, or cuteness. A sampling of some recent headlines from around the web include 5 Ways To Secure Your Happy-ish Ever After (The Huffington Post) because, as the author writes, Happily Ever After is not a thing and Ten(ish) Questions With...WR Jeremy Ross (ESPN) because there are, in fact, 16...-Ish...requires no cleverness whatsoever. Its lazy, non-committal, and confoundingly ambiguous, a symbol of a societ y ever more inclined to take the easy way out or blur the lines. (Peggy Drexler, The Problem With -ISH. The Huffington Post, January 9, 2014) On Some -Somes My favorite word: gigglesome....Familiar words like lonesome, handsome, and adventuresome are from a whole family of words that include some surprises that have fallen into disuse. I heard Red Barber one morning on the radio say the air was chillsome. Others are grievesome, toilsome, and boresome. My favorites of these old words are gigglesome and playsome, both usually applied to high-spirited children. (Bobbie Ann Mason, quoted by Lewis Burke Frumkes in Favorite Words of Famous People. Marion Street Press, 2011) On the Lighter Side of Suffixes Good things dont end in -eum; they end in -mania or -teria. (Homer Simpson, The Simpsons) Were good...at words, too: burgle, burglar, burglary. The Americans go about it differently: burglar, burglarize, burglarization. Maybe theyll move on, soon, and well have burglarizationeers who burglarizationize us, leaving us victims of burglarizationeerage. (Michael Bywater, The Chronicles of Bargepole. Jonathan Cape, 1992) Ive heard of many chocoholics, but I aint never seen no chocohol. We got an epidemic, people: people who like chocolate but dont understand word endings. Theyre probably over-workaholled. (Demetri Martin, 2007)

What You and I Can Learn From Writer Patricia Raybon

What You and I Can Learn From Writer Patricia Raybon What You and I Can Learn From Patricia Raybon Who she is Her essays have been published inThe New York Times Magazine, Newsweek,USAToday, TheChicago Tribune, TheDenverPost, Guideposts,and aired on National Public radio. The first two of her five books,My First White Friend: Confessions on Race, Love, and Forgiveness(Viking/Penguin) andI Told the Mountain to Move(Tyndale) were award winners. Her latest book (Undivided: A Muslim Daughter, Her Christian Mother, Their Path to Peace) releasesApril 28. (She’s the mother.) Her pedigree B.A. in journalism fromOhioState M.A. in journalism from theUniversity ofColorado Former editor ofThe Denver Post SundayContemporary Magazine Former feature writer forTheRocky Mountain News Former professor of journalism at the UniversityofColorado Former stringer, TIME Magazine, Denver Bureau Her personal life Married 39 years toDan Mother of two grown daughters Grandmother of five What Patricia’s lauded career can teach us Her writing awards already filled several single-spaced pages when she sold a personal essay toThe New York TimesSundayMagazinethat resulted in literary agents hounding her for a month. Her husband urged her to give bookwriting a try.My First White Friendwon a major award and is still in print after more than 20 years. The secret? Sure, she was an accomplished writer. But there are many of those. Just not many with books that stay in print longer than six months, let alone two decades. But Patricia wrote that essay from her passion, from her own experience, from her gut. And of course the resulting book came from that same place. What she told her university students about writing That good character makes good writing. â€Å"Talent helps, of course,† she says with a smile. â€Å"But hard work, persistence, integrity, curiosity, follow-through- these turn a dabbler into a professional.† She says writing is about truth and courage. â€Å"When readers see that on paper, they are often stunned. It’s transparent and real. You want writing gold? Know your truth and have the courage to tell it.† The biggest weakness she sees in beginning writers? â€Å"Fear.† What she says makes a good book stand out â€Å"It’s written for the reader, not for the author. Engage the reader, evoke an experience, as the famous editorSol Steinadvised. That tells the reader they matter.† What impresses me most about Patricia Raybon Her new book,Undivided: A Muslim Daughter, Her Christian Mother, Their Path to Peace,is a stunner. I read several books a month, so my standards keep getting higher. This one is riveting. Imagine your own grown child leaving the faith she was raised in. I could tell you all the twists and turns and agonizing dynamics of praying, arguing, discussing, and wishing things were otherwise- all the while desperately loving your own flesh and blood and not wanting to jeopardize the relationship. But this is one you have to read for yourself to see how a master writer handles a most delicate subject. Click here to get a copy. What will you apply from Patricia’s writing life to your own this week?

Parks and Recreation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parks and Recreation - Assignment Example He quoted several challenges he has come across. These were like the fluctuating number of visitors, the low income due to competitions with other national parks and the way to manage the staff and his subordinates. He elaborated how difficult it has been to manage people, whose goals are different, putting their diverse ideas together and making them to move towards a particular goal. Been the manager of the park, Luther displayed to me his extensive budget. Severally, he kept confirming one or two points from his records. His department had budgeted for $ 250,000 from the government allocation. In his budget, he has a list of objectives and activities to work on. These included extension of the park services to add more activities like bird watching and camping. His list of expenses also included motivation of workers through salary and wage increment, advertising the park to attract more visitors and introduction of modern technology in their services like online booking. I learnt from the way he emphasized, that these were among the long set goals and objectives of the park include in the mission but were never achieved due to poor management and lack of government support. Before we parted, I could read from his expressions, the zeal of Luther in application of his leadership qualities and skills in making the park one of the major attraction sites in US (Pet ersen

TECHNOLOGY Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

TECHNOLOGY - Annotated Bibliography Example This article is highly credible even though it is a main magazine article because the author of this article has used various researches to make their point. The article will be very helpful in performing my research on technology. The content of the article will be helpful in supporting claims including the negative effects of technology on the health of the users. This article was authored by Winterman and in this magazine article the author focuses on how people are using the technological advancement of internet in order to harm themselves (Winterman 1). The author states that the technology of internet is not only used by strangers to harm others, it is used by people to themselves. The author cites a research that was conducted by the Massachusetts Aggression Reduction Center and in this research it was identified that 9% children who are internet users are cyber bullying oneself. The author states that due to this children experience different health and psychological issues and one of the most common psychological issues is depression. The article is a magazine article and has been authored by an individual who may lack knowledge about technology and its impact. But the author has used various studies to support their claim. The article will be used under the section of the report where psychological harm caused due to technology will be discussed. This is a news article that was published in the online version of ABC News and was authored by Scott Steinberg and this article focuses on the benefits that video game technology has to offer to various stakeholders including adults as well as children (Steinberg 1). The author claims that video game technology is helping children and adults in various walks of life including education and profession. The author even claims that the video game technology even helps an individual in their social life. In order to support the

Using Jomini and Clausewitz, where do these two philosophers draw the Essay

Using Jomini and Clausewitz, where do these two philosophers draw the line in war between art and science - Essay Example The division of Gaul into east and west gave rise to Germany as West Francia - Charles the Fat’s (son of Charlemagne) share. The Germans under Otto I, would later take the crown away from the Franks in 962 AD and held on to it for the most part of the empire’s existence. In 1330 when the state separated from the church as a result of the anti-pope, Wittelsbach Louis IV’s victory over the popish Habsburg Frederick the Fair ( two contenders to the crown of the Holy Roman empire), the broken empire underwent periodic upheavals as each royal family consolidated its territory. The results have for almost a millennium now since the Declaration of Rense in 1338, became the pattern for conflict in Europe. The exodus out of the Roman Catholic church’ grip on the peoples of Europe that was the Protestant Reformation (1517–1648) that began on October 31, 1517 with Martin Luther – spurred hundreds of years of religious civil wars which spread in Europe w ith France at its center. It began with the French Huguenots revolt, after the Cathars, e.g. the Albighenses, in 1209 became the object of the Crusade led by Arnold of Amalric after a papal legate was killed. The massacre of Huguenots at Vassaly in 1562 began the so- called Wars of Religion.1 Napoleon Bonaparte in the Battle of Austerlitz in 1806 in the ensuing French Revoluion, put an end to the empire and Holy Roman Emperor Francis II of Austria abdicated. The lines which would in the future make up the boundaries of the nations were not defined then as they are now, until the wars that soon followed. Thus, the Battle of Austerlitz in 1806, is a mere consequence of these earlier events, which had taken 476 years since 1330 AD from the time the state separated from the church. Carl von Clausewitz (1780-1831) was a Prussian soldier from a middle class family of noble origins and had

Case Study Of High Strength Concrete Construction Essay

Case Study Of High Strength Concrete Construction Essay In the text below I have tried my best and put in all of my efforts to create a document that might help other students even without any prior knowledge of the subject to understand the very important subject concrete with thorough understanding of the concrete. The text gives the basic knowledge of the lesser important concepts and has been written to depth for important and practical concepts. I have tried to create a document that shall be used to give lectures and cover the gap between a professor with in depth knowledge of the subject and a student who has just been introduced to the subject. I am also thankful to my professors and friends for their support in completing this work. I hope the document acts as a mode of information rather than being a jigsaw puzzle and fulfill all the requirements for the formal submission. Introduction: Civil engineering is the oldest and the most basic streams of engineering. When we think of civil engineering the first thing that comes to mind is cement and construction, when we come down to the more uses of civil engineering we think of concrete. Concrete is not such a simple thing as it may look down to a non construction related person, it is due to the fact that it has so many practical uses, more than any construction material that it has a specialization of its own. So the study of concrete is very helpful or may be considered the most necessary studies for a civil engineer. Nowadays the study of concrete is considered as the backbone of the construction industry. This subject has its own specializations available for study is such a vast subject that for a construction industry or company the success is decided by its concrete engineers. The modern industry of the todayà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s world relies completely on the construction of concrete structures. Concrete has experienced this great variety of use due to its marvelous properties that completely distinguish it from any of the rest of construction materials. The history of construction traces back to the times of Assyrians and Babylonians who first made the use of clay as a cementing material. The ancient forts and military buildings, the defense structures have witnessed a wide use of the concrete made of aggregates and lime as a binder. Construction of the pyramids in Egypt has also proved the use of lime and gypsum as a binder in the concrete works. The prominent scientists of the concrete study are Vitruvius who is believed to have the knowledge of chemistry of the cementitious lime. One of the remarkable ancient works is the pantheon, which consists of a dome spanning 43.43m and is made entirely of concrete. The Romans also used suitable cements made of suitable limestone burned in kiln or were mixtures of lime and puzzolanic materials (volcanic, ash, tuff) co mbining into a hard concrete. Vitruviusà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s work was followed by the researches made by M. Vicat of France. Joseph Aspedin of Yorkshire (U.K.) was the first to introduce Portland cement in 1824 formed by heating a mixture of limestone and finely divided clay in a furnace to a temperature high enough to drive off the carbonic acid gas. In 1845, Issac C. Johnson invented the cement by increasing the temperature at which the mixture of limestone and clay were burned to form clinker. This cement was the prototype of the modern Portland cement. From then onwards, a gradual improvement in the properties and qualities of cement has been made possible by researchers in U.S.A., U.K., France and Germany. What exactly is concrete: Concrete is a composite man-made material most widely used building material in the construction industry. It consists of a rationally chosen mixture of binding material such as lime or cement, well graded fine and coarse aggregates, water and admixtures (to produce concrete with special properties). In a concrete mix, cement and water form a paste or matrix which in addition to filling the voids of the fine aggregate, coats the surface of fine and coarse aggregates and binds them together. The matrix is usually 22-34% of the total volume. Freshly mixed concrete before set is known as wet or green concrete whereas after setting and hardening it is known as set or hardened concrete. The moulded concrete mix after sufficient curing becomes hard like stone due to chemical action between the water and binding material. It would be impossible to discuss all the aspects of this material in few pages and the discussion is confined to the general characteristics an d quality tests necessary for its use by civil engineers and architects. Most of the ancient structures and historical buildings had been constructed with lime concrete. With the advent of cement, the use of lime concrete has been confined to making bases for concrete foundations and roof terracing. The major factors responsible for wide usage of cement-concrete are mouldability, early hardening, high early compressive strength, development of desired properties with admixtures to be used in adverse situations, suitability for guniting, pumpability and durability. The simple reason for its extensive use in the construction of almost all civil engineering works is that the properties can be controlled within a wide range by using appropriate ingredients and by special mechanical, physical and chemical processing techniques Buildingsà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬from single storey to multistorey, bridges, piers, dams, weirs, retaining walls, liquid retaining structures, reservoirs chimneys, bins, silos, runways, pavements, shells, arches, railway sleepers are but a fe w examples of cement concrete applications. Concept of high strength concrete: Concrete due to its versatile properties is used for many heavy and medium or low cost constructions. So the concrete used in these works is not entirely same. Thus for more important and demanding works a concrete with higher strength is needed. This concrete can be given extra strength by various methods. Usually any concrete which falls in a grade over M65 is considered or called high strength concrete. This M65 signifies a compressive strength of 65N/mm2 after 28 days. This strength apart from other methods can be reached by REINFORCING the concrete with other materials of higher strength. Reinforcing means the mixing the concrete mix with other materials. The materials most commonly used are steel, bamboo, wire mesh, sticks etc. These materials provide those properties to the concrete that the concrete itself lacks. The concrete so reinforced becomes so strong that no other material can be compared to it. Also the strength to cost ratio of this is very less as compared to any other material available in the market. RCC and concrete: RCC and concrete are the same thing but for the fact that RCC has some reinforcement provided to the mix and the plain concrete is just a mix of cement sand and water along with aggregates. The reinforcement is placed where the structure has to be built and concrete is later put on it and both of these bond together to form a high strength concrete. The most common reinforcing material used is steel in the form of steel bars and wire mesh. So the wire mesh or the steel bars are easy to place and the main work then lies in properly preparing the concrete mix. So we shall now study the preparation of the concrete mix. Preparation of concrete: The concrete is fairly easy to manufacture. The preparation of concrete is a stepwise process. Its preparation involves storage of materials namely sand aggregate, cement, water. After that follows batching of materials which is a process of measurement of materials by different, convenient methods. Then falls the process of mixing which is a vital process; the most of properties depend on the mixing conditions and the type of mixing done. Mixing is the process of mixing the materials, batched before and preparing the final concrete mix or paste. The concrete so prepared is now needs to be transported to the site of use. This is done by using pans, wheel bar rows, transit mixers, chutes, bell conveyers, pumps, tower crane and hoists etc. Now that the concrete has been brought to the site it needs to be placed such that it gains maximum strength as easily as possible. So the placing is also a very vital process of the concreting operation. Now that the concre te has been placed we now have to make sure that no voids are left in the placed mix. Compacting the concrete mix makes sure that the concrete gains fullest of its strength. Then remains finishing of the concrete work done to make sure that it looks good aesthetically. Then the concrete needs to be cured to check the development of cracks and control the heat of hydration. The details of each of these processes are as follows: Storing of materials: Storing of materials is controlled so that the materials do not get deteriorated. The materials stored on sites are cement, aggregate, sand, water, steel and any other admixtures. The cement should be stored very carefully as the cement is the second most costly material after steel which is used in lesser quantities; cement easily attracts any moisture in the air and hardens and gets useless for the construction purpose. The cement should be stored in air tight rooms free of moisture and rodents. The bags of cement should be placed at least 30 cm apart from the walls and at least 20 cm above the floor level this is done by making a temporary platform of wood or other cheap material. The cement bags should be placed one over other to a maximum height of 1.5m. The cement bags should be used on the first in first out basis. These bags should be kept covered at all times with a suitable plastic cover. Then comes the aggregates, the aggregates should be so stored that these are distinguishly stored according to their size. These should either be kept completely moist or completely dry this helps to better understand the water cement ratio and provides a strict control over this vital ratio. Then comes sand, sand does not need much special attention while storing but sand so stored should be checked regularly for increase in the moisture content and hence bulking. The water used for adding to the cement or concrete is usually potable water and the water should be kept clean and free of any vegetation and any kind of visible materials and sand etc. Batching: The batching of materials is a simple process of measuring the quantity of the materials to be used for the concrete mix. This is done by two methods namely by weight and by volume. The materials while mixing need to be proportioned properly so that the desired strength and properties can be achieved. This has to be done strictly to ensure the desired properties. In the former category all of the ingredients are measured by weight. But this system has a drawback that the moisture content alters the weight of the materials and this has to be adjusted after experiments and mathematical calculations. The later uses the measuring the materials by volume and is less preferable to the above method. This is for the reason that the sand content varies greatly in volume by the moisture content. This variation is harder to account for accurate measurement. Mixing: The process of mixing of various ingredients of concrete in specified proportion is termed as mixing of concrete. Objectives of mixing: the quality and strength of concrete depends upon proper mixing. The object of mixing is to coat the surface all aggregate particles with cement paste and to obtain concrete of uniform color and required consistency. Methods of mixing: Hand mixing: the process of mixing the ingredients of concrete by manual labor is called hand mixing. It is adopted for small and unimportant and where quantity of concrete used is small. Hand mixing method requires more cement (10%) than machine mixing for obtaining the same strength of concrete. Machine mixing: The process of mixing the ingredients of concrete by a machine is called machine mixing. In case where a large quantity of concrete is to be produced, hand mixing becomes costly even if the labor is cheap. The machine maxing becomes essential. The concrete can thus be produced at a faster rate and at lesser cost. The quality of concrete by machine mixing is also better. Transportation of concrete: The process of carrying concrete mix from the place of mixing to the final position of deposition is called transportation of concrete. Transportation of concrete mix is very important because in transportation, time factor is involved. The mix has to be transported as soon as possible. Precautions in transportation: concrete should be transported as quickly as possible to the formwork within the initial setting time of cement. Efforts should be made to prevent segregation. Transportation cost should be as low as possible. The concrete mix should be protected from drying in hot weather and from rain during transportation. No water should be lost from the mix during transportation. Methods of transportation: -The following are the modes of transportation of concrete: Pans- in this method concrete is transported in iron pans manually. Wheel barrows- steel wheel barrows with 70L capacity with pneumatic tires are used for moderate distances. Truck mixers or tipping lorries- this is used for longer distances of travel. In this a truck or lorry having a mixer built into it is used to carry concrete. Other methods are: Chutes Belt conveyers Tower cranes Pumps Formwork: The temporary construction used as a mould for the structure for the structure in which the concrete is placed and in which it hardens is called formwork or shuttering. It includes all the surfaces in contact with concrete and all necessary supporting members. The part of formwork which consists of sheeting and its immediate supporting or stiffening members is called form. The part of formwork which supports the forms usually for a large structure is called false work. It is yet another important process for concreting. Compaction: Compaction of concrete is a process of eliminating the entrapped air in concrete and achieving maximum density. The importance should not be under estimated. The strength of concrete is reduced by about 40% by presence of only 5% voids. The compaction reduces voids to a minimum. The compaction is done by doing external work on the concrete. Finishing: finishing may be defined as the process adopted for obtaining a true, uniform concrete surface. The importance of finishing is inevitable. It is to keep the concrete surfaces free from undulations. The vibrating or hand tamping of a concrete leaves a slightly rough surface. Finishing of concrete surface is therefore important. The choice of concrete finishing depends upon the ultimate use of the component and desired aesthetic effect. Curing: The process off keeping the concrete moist to enable it to gain strength is called curing. It is name given to procedure used for prompting the hydration of cement. The concrete hardens because of hydration i.e. the chemical reaction between water and cement. This reaction depends on the presence of water. Although there is sufficient water at the time of mixing yet it is necessary to ensure that the water is retained to enable the chemical reaction to continue. Methods of curing: The various methods of curing are Shading of concrete work. Covering the concrete surface with gunny bags or hessians. Sprinkling of water. Ponding method. Membrane curing. Steam curing. Of these, ponding covering of concrete surface with gunny bags or hessians are the most commonly and very widely used. Proportioning of concrete mixes: Proportioning of a concrete mix means determining the relative amounts of materials required for batches of concrete of required strength. This process is generally called as design of mix. In proportioning a concrete mix, one has to choose suitable proportions of all the ingredients of concrete i.e. cement, aggregate and water so as to give concrete its desired properties both on the plastic as well as in hardened stage with the maximum economy. Grades of concrete: concrete id graded according to its compressive strength. As per IS 456:2000 the concrete mixes are designated into fifteen grades. The various grades of concrete are given in the table below: Group Designation Compressive Strength (N/mm2) Ordinary concrete M10 10 M15 15 M20 20 M25 25 Standard concrete M30 30 M35 35 M40 40 M45 45 M50 50 M55 55 M60 60 High strength concrete M65 65 M70 70 M75 75 M80 80 Concretes of compressive strength lesser than 20MPa may be used for lean concrete bases and simple foundations for masonry walls. Grades lower than M20 should not be used in reinforced concrete works. Grades lower than M30 should not be used in post tensioned prestressed concrete. Grades lower than M40 should not be used in pre tensioned prestressed concrete. There are two types of concretes based on the method of proportioning: Ordinary concrete (normal mix concrete) Controlled concrete (design mix concrete) Ordinary concrete (normal mix concrete): The concrete in which the proportions of cement, aggregates and water are determined by adopting nominal concrete mixes and no preliminary tests are performed is called ordinary concrete. It is only used when it is not possible to use controlled concrete. It may be used for grades M20 or lower if designed mix concrete cannot be used for some reasons. The proportions of the ingredients are specified by the engineer usually without testing the materials. There is no guarantee that a M20 nominal mix with adopted proportions (say 1:4:8) will have a 28 days cube strength of 20N/mm2. IS 456:2000 suggests the proportions of materials required for nominal mix concrete as shown in the table below: Grade of concrete Total quantity of dry aggregate per 50 kg of cement (kg) Proportions of fine aggregate to coarse aggregate by wt. Maximum quantity of water per 50kg of cement (liters) M10 480 Generally 1:2 but upper 34 M15 330 Limit is 1:1.5 and lower 32 M20 250 Limit is 1:1.25 30 Controlled concrete (design mix concrete): The concrete in which the proportions of cement, aggregate and water are determined by conducting preliminary tests for the design of mix is called controlled concrete. A design mix concrete is preferred over a nominal mix concrete for durability, strength and economy. Reinforced cement concrete: RCC or reinforced concrete cement is yet another type of high strength concrete. As explained when reinforcing materials of higher strength are added to the concrete it becomes reinforced cement concrete. The main feature of adding this reinforcement is that it makes the concrete very strong even in tension; otherwise in which concrete is very weak. This happens due to the bonding between reinforcing materials and the concrete mix. The concrete so prepared is used for many purposes such as piers, bridges, flyovers, dams, slabs, arches etc. The strength of same proportions of materials of concrete when reinforced yields more than twice the strength as it would otherwise. IS codes help us design structures of RCC by considering various norms and limits of safety and other factors. These tell us what extra provisions are needed to be made in certain conditions. The normally used reinforcements are steel bars which are explained in detail as under: Steel bars are available in the market in various sizes which are the measure of the diameter of the bar. These sizes range from 6 mm to 24 mm for general purpose. Other larger and specialized sizes are also available for special constructions. These bars are cast of steel formed by addition of about 1% of carbon content to iron while ità ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s manufacturing. This steel is very hard and is very ductile. Traces of other materials are also added to this steel to modify suitable properties. These bars are of two types based on the process of manufacturing or final properties: TMT- thermo mechanically treated bars Sal- ordinary ribbed bars. TMT: this is a product of the new age and has evolved as a result of scientific research over the years in the fields of metallurgy and other related field such as metallurgy and the properties of metals. These bars as the name suggests are mechanically treated to make stronger. These are first heated to a temp of 1400C (red hot) and then cooled suddenly which makes it stronger. Then these bars are also ribbed which makes them stronger at bonding. These bars are available in the market and are preferred over the other plain or ribbed or SAL bars. SAL: these are the traditional bars which were first tested by forming corrugations or ribs. The ribs on these are helical in shape. These are less strong than the other types of bars (TMT). These bars are manufactured from steel with 0.8-1.2% of carbon content in iron. These bars are brittle and less ductile. So these are nowadays moving out of market. These are not used in any of the engineering works. The cost of these is not considerably less than the TMT bars. These bars are available in sizes ranging from 8mm to 26mm. these bars make a weaker bond than TMT and should not be used for any important works. Design of RCC: RCC structures need quite a lot of mathematical analysis to be done before the values of final construction are received. The maximum amount of steel that can be added to the structures is 4% of the cross sectional area. The slabs and beams designed of RCC are categorized into two parts- singly reinforced structures and doubly reinforced structures. Singly reinforced structures are those in which the steel reinforcement is added to the lower side of the beam or the slab that bears tension. Doubly reinforced structures are those in which the steel reinforcement is added to both- upper and lower side of the structure for cases of variable tension and compression values; or extra strength is required for higher load values or when the dimensions of the member to be cast are limited due to some reason or other. These kinds of things make the RCC structures backbone of the construction industry. These RCC structures with steel are also very safe for shear and torsional forces too. Alterations of properties of concrete (Admixtures): The concrete has its certain properties that sometimes are needed to be changed, for this reasons other materials other than the basic ingredients are added to the concrete while mixing. These materials are called admixtures. These are categorized into several divisions: Accelerators Retarders Water-reducing admixtures Air-entraining admixtures Plasticizers Some common examples of admixtures are fly ashes, silica fume, rice husk ash, metakaolin. Now details of these types of admixtures Accelerators: Accelerators are the chemicals used to accelerate the setting and hardening of concrete. Accelerators are added to concrete to: Increase the rate of hydration and hence to increase the rate of strength development. Reduce the setting time. E.g. of accelerators- calcium chloride, triethenolamine etc. Retarding admixtures (Retarders): Retarders are the chemicals used to delay the setting and hardening of concrete. Retarders slow down the chemical process of hydration so that concrete remains plastic and workable for a longer time than a concrete without retarder. E.g. of retarders are sugar, calcium sulphate, skimmed milk, ammonium chloride, calcium borate, calcium tartarate, mucic acid etc. Water reducing admixtures: These are used to: Increase the workability of freshly mixed concrete without increasing water cement ratio. Maintain workability with reduced water cement ratio. Sugar in addition to acting as a retarder, improves the workability of concrete also. Carbohydrates and organic acids are other examples of water reducing admixtures. Air entraining agents: Air-entraining admixtures are used to entrain air in form of very small disconnected air bubbles in concrete. The air bubbles (approximately .01 to.25mm dia) act as flexible ball bearings and modify the properties of plastic concrete. It also modifies the properties of hardened concrete. Plasticizers: Plasticizing admixture is a substance which imparts very high workability with a large decrease in water content (at least 20%) for a given workability. It also permits the use of lower water cement ratio for the same workability. Materials used as plasticizers: Anionic substances such as lignosulphonates. Nonionic surfactants such as hydroxylated carboxylic acid. Other products such as carbohydrates. Calcium, sodium, and ammonium lignosulphonates are mostly used as plasticizers. Plasticizers are used in the amount of 0.1 to 4% by weight of cement. A 0.5% concentration of plasticizer by weight of cement can: Increase the 28 days compressive strength by 30% with 20% reduction in water cement ratio. Increase slump from 25 to 100mm. Require 15% less cement. Uses: these can be used where a high degree of workability is required in situations like: Deep beams. Column and beam junctions. Tremie concrete. Pumping of concrete. Thin walls of water retaining structures with high percentage of steel reinforcement. This was it about the case study of high strength concrete. I have tried my best to give the best approach possible to every aspect of any concept. Still humans will keep making mistakes so that they can learn from them. Thanks.